Communication and comparative rephotography. Architectural evolution, the case of Fez and Grenade

Poder contar con la fotografía como medio de investigación y posteriormente para poder establecer la comunicación de los aspectos desarrollados en temas de arquitectura, patrimonio y urbanismo es un potencial importante en la preservación de la memoria e identidad de un pueblo. En este caso de temáticas sobre arquitectura y urbanismo, con mayor importancia porque ayuda a comprender en un primer nivel la evolución de la arquitectura en un contexto geográfico e histórico concreto, que en el caso que nos ocupa de la ciudad marroquí de Fez evidencia en un segundo nivel de análisis la reconstrucción ideológica que constituye una gran parte de imaginarios, reales o inventados, con el atrezzo que los recargos estéticos producen, de carácter acusadamente orientalistas. El caso de la ciudad marroquí de Fez no es el único, pasa en otras ciudades de todo el mundo, como es el caso de la ciudad española de Granada, en parte hermanada históricamente por su pasado, también por las personas que la habitaron, descendientes de esos granadinos expulsados a finales del siglo XV que en su mayoría viajaron a la ciudad de Fez. El análisis del medio fotográfico es el utilizado para la realización de este trabajo, fundamentado en la primera mitad del siglo XX que coincide con el protectorado franco- español, época de primera modernización del país, por medio de las fotografías contenidas en las tarjetas postales que ayudaran a comprender parte de esa reconstrucción mítica, donde la mirada externa tiende a crear realidades imaginadas, o imaginarias, sobre la identidad de un pueblo.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tec

Jurisprudential analysis of torture in Spain and in the European Human Rights system

Article 3 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (E.C.H.R.) proclaims that no one may be subjected to torture, punishment or degrading treatment. The legislative correlate in Spain is embodied in Article 15 of the Spanish Constitution, and there must be an overlapping interpretation of both precepts on the ideal plane. While it is true that there are not many cases in which the European Court of Human Rights (E.C.t.H.R. (The Strasbourg Court)) has sanctioned Spain for its failure to investigate complaints of torture, it must be emphasized that the tendency to violate Article 3 of the Convention appears to be on the rise, being necessary to know possible factors that may be affecting it. This proposal addresses the analysis of sentences that directly or indirectly reveal the violation of Article 3 of the European Convention. To carry out the analysis, sentences of the Strasbourg Court have been consulted from 2012 to 2016, being able to address any previous sentences to this period if it provided justified information necessary for the study. After the review it becomes clear that there are two key groups of subjects that request a response to the Strasbourg Court on the understanding that they have been tortured or degradingly treated. These are: immigrants and terrorists. It can not be alien to this study that both the phenomenon of immigration and terrorism respond to patterns that have mutated in recent years, and that national regulations begin to be dysfunctional.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Dark energy: the absolute electric potential of the universe

Is there an absolute cosmic electric potential?. The recent discovery of the accelerated expansion of the universe could be indicating that this is certainly the case. In this essay we show that the consistency of the covariant and gauge invariant theory of electromagnetism is truly questionable when considered on cosmological scales. Out of the four components of the electromagnetic field, Maxwell's theory only contains two physical degrees of freedom. However, in the presence of gravity, one of the "unphysical" states cannot be consistently eliminated, thus becoming real. This third polarization state is completely decoupled from charged matter, but can be excited gravitationally thus breaking gauge invariance. On large scales the new state can be seen as a homogeneous cosmic electric potential, whose energy density behaves as a cosmological constant.Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures. Essay selected for "Honorable Mention" in the 2009 Awards for Essays on Gravitation (Gravity Research Foundation

Electromagnetic nature of dark energy

Out of the four components of the electromagnetic field, Maxwell's theory only contains two physical degrees of freedom. However, in an expanding universe, consistently eliminating one of the "unphysical" states in the covariant (Gupta-Bleuler) formalism turns out to be difficult to realize. In this work we explore the possibility of quantization without subsidiary conditions. This implies that the theory would contain a third physical state. The presence of such a new (temporal) electromagnetic mode on cosmological scales is shown to generate an effective cosmological constant which can account for the accelerated expansion of the universe. This new polarization state is completely decoupled from charged matter, but can be excited gravitationally. In fact, primordial electromagnetic quantum fluctuations produced during electroweak scale inflation could naturally explain the presence of this mode and also the measured value of the cosmological constant. The theory is compatible with all the local gravity tests, it is free from classical or quantum instabilities and reduces to standard QED in the flat space-time limit. Thus we see that, not only the true nature of dark energy can be established without resorting to new physics, but also the value of the cosmological constant finds a natural explanation in the context of standard inflationary cosmology. Possible signals, discriminating this model from LCDM, are also discussed.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figures. Contribution to the Proceedings of Invisible Universe International Conference, UNESCO, Paris, June 29-July 3, 200

Cosmological magnetic fields from inflation in extended electromagnetism

In this work we consider an extended electromagnetic theory in which the scalar state which is usually eliminated by means of the Lorenz condition is allowed to propagate. This state has been shown to generate a small cosmological constant in the context of standard inflationary cosmology. Here we show that the usual Lorenz gauge-breaking term now plays the role of an effective electromagnetic current. Such a current is generated during inflation from quantum fluctuations and gives rise to a stochastic effective charge density distribution. Due to the high electric conductivity of the cosmic plasma after inflation, the electric charge density generates currents which give rise to both vorticity and magnetic fields on sub-Hubble scales. Present upper limits on vorticity coming from temperature anisotropies of the CMB are translated into lower limits on the present value of cosmic magnetic fields. We find that, for a nearly scale invariant vorticity spectrum, magnetic fields $B_{\lambda}> 10^{-12}$ G are typically generated with coherence lengths ranging from sub-galactic scales up to the present Hubble radius. Those fields could act as seeds for a galactic dynamo or even account for observations just by collapse and differential rotation of the protogalactic cloud.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures. Final version to appear in Phys. Rev.

Personal Marketing Plan and Its Influence on Employability

The objective of this paper is to review and analyze the main components of a personal marketing plan Engineers in Business Management Graduates ITLAC for better employability in the labor market. The analys is assumes that currently personal marketing has become an in dispensable tool to achieve professional and personal success, enabling graduates of this professional profile make selling your image to achieve their objectives and goals. The method used is descriptive analytic from a literature review. Finallya marketing personal marketing plan is proposed.Keywords. Graduates, Employability, Personal image, The labor market and personal marketing plan.JEL. I21, J44, L84, M31